Our results suggest that the strain used is a promising candidate with real possibilities for scalability. Abortiporus biennis RECOSOL73 was selected to obtain, at the laboratory scale, a real biodegradable product. The physico-mechanical properties of these materials, such as firmness, elasticity and impermeability, were analyzed. Eight strains were selected further for evaluation on several raw substrates for producing in vitro myco-composites. Seventy-five strains have been tested for their ability to grow on low-nutrient media and to form compact mycelial mats. Our study aimed at investigating the possibility of using wood and litter inhabiting basidiomycetes, an underexplored group of fungi that grow fast and create strong mycelial mats, to produce biodegradable materials with valuable properties, using cheap by-products as a substrate for growth. New possibilities are being explored to find alternatives to plastics, and one of them refers to mycelium-composite materials (MCM). Counteracting the phenomenon is an important challenge today. Plastic waste inefficiently recycled poses a major environmental concern attracting attention from both civil society and decision makers. Finally, current commercial products are introduced and roadblocks in the way of further development are presented along with the identification of knowledge gaps. The definitions, raw materials, processing procedures, material properties, factors governing product properties, and potential adhesion mechanisms are summarized and discussed. This review article focuses on hot-pressed, higherdensity lignocellulosic bio-composites produced following enzymatic or fungal pretreatment. These bio-composites can be produced by enzymatically or fungally treating lignoicellulosic substrates and then either molding them into a shape and letting the fungus grow or, alternatively, by hot-pressing the substrate into a panel product. There has also been a significant amount of attention given to these materials by the industry and private sector. products in which constituents are bonded by fungal mycelium, is quite new and still growing. Research into mycelium-based bio-composites, i.e. These observations confirm and highlight the functionality of the surface mycelium layer for wood bonding and provide useful information for future developments in fully biobased composites manufacturing.įungal and enzymatic pre-treatments have long been used to activate the surface of lignocellulosic biomass particles or fibers to promote adhesion or develop novel composite materials and other products. We provide evidence that the bottom surface of the mycelium layer is more hydrophilic, contains more small-scale filamentous structure and contains more functional groups, resulting in better bonding with wood than the top surface. We found that the lap-shear strength of the samples was enhanced by the increase of surface mycelium coverage up to 8 days of incubation (up to 1.74 MPa) without a significant wood weight loss. The current study investigated the functionality of surface mycelium for wood bonding by incubating Trametes versicolor on yellow birch veneers and compared the lap-shear strengths after hot-pressing to evaluate if the presence of surface mycelium can improve the interface between two wood layers and consequently improve bonding. However, the nature of the role of surface mycelium in the adhesion between lignocellulosic composite components is not well-known. Filamentous fungi have been considered as candidates to replace petroleum-based adhesives and plastics in novel composite material production, particularly those containing lignocellulosic materials.
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